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古代百姓冬天怎么取暖-看看穷人和富人的差距 - 全文

来源:名资汇网 caiji007 2023-10-28 06:35:00

转眼进入了寒冷天气,可能前几天我们还在讨论该不该穿秋裤,这两天我们就要谈论秋裤的重要性了。冬天的北方有两件事是必须要做的,那就是储存冬菜和烧暖气。因此,描述穷人贫困得没法存活叫“饥寒交迫”。那么你们知道古人是如何度过寒冷的冬天吗?

早就在史前文明时期,东北人在工程建筑房子时就很留意防寒保暖,半坡文明行为定居的半地穴式房子,一大半挖在地底,就是说以便抗风防寒保暖。房间内路面正中间还挖个坑,附近用土壤压实,用于生火取暖,称之为“火塘”。

秦汉时期又出現了火墙,最开始是皇宫上用的,秦代的咸阳宫旧址中总有火墙。火墙的內部是空心的,从里边把墙烧开,那样房间就温暖了。火墙的衍生产品是火炕,在东北三省非常时兴。《宋文鉴》记述,北方地区女真族“环屋为土床,炽火其下,而生活起居其上,即是炕,以取其暖”。今日北方地区的某些乡村还要应用火墙和火炕,特别是在是东北地区,接待顾客最溫暖的方法就是说招乎你进家上炕,随后把炕烧出来热烘烘的。

前面说的是大中型供暖设备,接下去再聊说古代人中小型的取暖物品。最普遍的是火盆,就是说在盆中烧炭烤。有标准的荣华富贵别人用精美点的金属材料火盆,没标准的穷人别人就用泥盆。由于火盆里要烧木碳或木柴取暖,因此薪炭古时候是衣食住行的必须品。那时高官发之俸禄,不仅发福利发米,也要发薪炭。今日薪资、月工资中的“薪”,最开始就是说薪炭木柴的含意。薪炭古时候家居生活中十分关键,这一点儿在电视连续剧《知否知否应是绿肥红瘦》首位集中化总有反映——以便薪炭。

“围炉而坐”是古时候初冬里普遍的家居景色。有的盆友会担忧,古代人冬季在屋子里烧火盆取暖,会否煤气中毒?最先,古时候房子的密封性实际效果沒有今日那么好,房子四处透风,因此一氧化碳气体沉积浓度值不高,达不上中毒了的浓度值。另一个,火盆是敞开式的,CO2与火盆的触碰总面积挺大,通常找不到点燃不充足造成一氧化碳气体沉积的状况。因此古时候因冬季取暖而导致煤气中毒的状况很少。但很少不意味着沒有,有学家就猜想:三国曹操的关键谋臣荀彧将会就丧生煤气中毒。听说古人冬季烧火盆时,会在屋子里放凉水,假如发觉人迷昏,就用凉水保持清醒一下下。来到清代,大家早已了解白萝卜汤可解一氧化碳气体的毒。民俗总有那样1个传说故事:清朝晚期时,1个婢女疑是煤气中毒,慈禧就要人把她扶到阴凉处喂她白萝卜汤祛毒。

手炉

火盆造型较为大,不便捷挪动,因此古代人又创造发明了火盆的迷你版——手炉。说白了,就是说能够捧在手里的炭炉,里边装着尚有余温的碳灰,来到哪儿能够拿着取暖。明代時期是手炉更为盛行的时期,《87版红楼梦》里就常常提及手炉。明代时的手炉加工工艺也超过了兴盛,好的手炉自身都是这件精致的艺术品。那时候,名门望族应用手炉时还会在里边放些香辛料或中药材,那样不仅能取暖,还能当香熏用。


汤婆子

也有这种手持式的取暖物品在宋朝便已出現,名曰“汤婆子”。这类取暖物品,始终到当代,也有地区在应用。汤婆子通常是金属材料或瓷器材料的,样子相近1个沒有壶嘴的大茶壶,里边满油开水,外边再套上的布套,晚上睡觉就能放入被子取暖。这就和我们现在的热水袋异曲同工。“汤”就是说开水的含意,而“婆子”则是戏指其有守候人入睡的功效。

被子取暖

估计不论是现在还是在古代,一床暖和的棉花被子都是必不可少的。但这也是在棉花传入中国以后才能说的事。唐宋时期,棉花开始向中原移植。南宋时,福建路、广南东路、广南西路、江南、川蜀一带,都出现了棉花种植业,宋人说:“闽岭以南多木绵,土人竞植之,有至数千株者,采其花为布,号吉贝布。”也就是从这时期起,棉布逐渐替代丝绸,成为我国人民主要的服饰材料。


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